Consonants (Pulmonic)
| | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-Palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal /
Epiglottal | Glottal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Plosive | p b | | | t d | | ʈ ɖ | | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʡ | ʔ |
| Nasal | m | ɱ | | n | | ɳ | | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | | |
| Trill | ʙ | | | r | | | | | | ʀ | ʜ ʢ | |
| Tap/Flap | | ⱱ | | ɾ | | ɽ | | | | | | |
| Lateral Tap/Flap | | | | ɺ | | | | | | | | |
| Fricative | ϕ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ɕ ʑ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h ɦ |
| Lateral Fricative | | | | ɬ ɮ | | | | | | | | |
| Approximant | | ʋ | | ɹ | | ɻ | | j | ɰ | | | |
| Lateral Approximant | | | | l | | ɭ | | ʎ | ʟ | | | |
Consonants (Non-Pulmonic)
|
Click |
Implosive |
Ejective |
| Bilabial |
ʘ |
ɓ |
pʼ |
| Dental / Alveolar |
ǀ |
ɗ |
tʼ |
| Retroflex |
𝼊 |
ᶑ |
ʈʼ |
| (Post)alveolar |
ǃ |
— |
ʃʼ |
| Palatoalveolar / Palatal |
ǂ |
ʄ |
cʼ |
| Alveolar Lateral |
ǁ |
— |
ɬʼ |
| Velar |
(ʞ) |
ɠ |
kʼ |
| Uvular |
— |
ʛ |
qʼ |
|
|
|
etc. |
Coarticulated Consonants
| ɧ |
voiceless palatal-velar fricative |
| ɥ̊ ɥ |
labial-palatal fricative/approximant |
| ʍ w |
labial-velar fricative/approximant |
| ɫ |
velarized alveolar |
Diacritics
◌ = character placeholder
|
|
Airstream |
| ◌ʼ |
kʼ |
ejective |
|
|
Syllabicity |
| ◌̯ ◌̑ |
e̯ y̑ |
non-syllabic |
| ◌̩ ◌̍ |
n̩ ŋ̍ |
syllabic |
|
|
Consonant Release |
| ◌ʰ |
tʰ |
aspirated |
| ◌ˡ |
dˡ |
lateral release |
| ◌ⁿ |
dⁿ |
nasal release |
| ◌̚ |
p̚ |
no audible release |
|
|
Phonation |
| ◌̤ |
b̤ ɖ̤ |
breathy voiced |
| ◌̰ |
b̰ ɖ̰ |
creaky voiced |
| ◌̬ |
s̬ ʈ̬ |
voiced |
| ◌̥ ◌̊ |
n̥ ŋ̥ ŋ̊ |
voiceless |
|
|
Articulation |
| ◌̟ ◌᫈ |
u̟ g̟ |
advanced/fronted |
| ◌̺ ◌ |
t̺ ʒ̺ ʒ |
apical |
| ◌̈ |
ë |
centralized |
| ◌̪ ◌͆ |
t̪ ɮ̪ ɮ͆ |
dental |
| ◌̝ ◌᷵ |
e̝ y̝ |
raised |
| ◌̼ ◌ |
t̼ ɮ̼ ɮ |
linguolabial |
| ◌̻ ◌ |
t̻ ʒ̻ ʒ |
laminal |
|
|
Pick up with retractediop |
Vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
| Close |
i y |
ɨ ʉ |
ɯ u |
| Near-Close |
ɪ ʏ |
|
ʊ |
| Close-Mid |
e ø |
ɘ ɵ |
ɤ o |
| Mid |
|
ə |
|
| Open-Mid |
ɛ œ |
ɜ ɞ |
ʌ ɔ |
| Near-Open |
æ |
ɐ |
|
| Open |
a ɶ |
|
ɑ ɒ |
Suprasegmentals
| ͡ |
affricate |
t͡ʃ |
| ˈ |
primary stress |
ˌfoᶷnəˈtɪʃən |
| ˌ |
secondary stress |
ˌfoᶷnəˈtɪʃən |
| ː |
long |
eː |
| ˑ |
half-long |
eˑ |
| ̆ |
extra-short |
ĕ |
|
|
minor (foot) group / break |
| ‖ |
major (intonation) group / break |
|
| . |
syllable break |
ɹi.ækt |
| ‿ |
linking (absence of a break) |
|
Tones and Word Accents
Level
| ◌̋ |
˥ |
extra high |
| ◌́ |
˦ |
high |
| ◌̄ |
˧ |
mid |
| ◌̀ |
˨ |
low |
| ◌̏ |
˩ |
extra low |
| ꜛ |
|
upstep |
| ꜜ |
|
downstep |
Nonstandard Symbols
| --- | --- |